一、长短句原则
工作还得一张一驰呢,老让读者读长句,累死人!写一个短小精辟的句子,相反,却可以起到画龙点睛的作用。而且如果我们把短句放在段首或者段末,也可以揭示主题:
As a creature, I eat; as a man, I read. Although one action is to meet the primary need of my body and the other is to satisfy the intellectual need of mind, they are in a way quite similar.
如此可见,长短句结合,抑扬顿挫,岂不爽哉?牢记!
强烈建议:在文章第一段(开头)用一长一短,且先长后短;在文章主体部分,要先用一个短句解释主要意思,然后在阐述几个要点的时候采用先短后长的句群形式,定会让主体部分妙笔生辉!文章结尾一般用一长一短就可以了。
二、主题句原则
国有其君,家有其主,文章也要有其主。否则会给人造成“群龙无首”之感!相信各位读过一些破烂文学,故意把主体隐藏在文章之内,结果造成我们稀里糊涂!不知所云!所以奉劝各位一定要写一个主题句,放在文章的开头(保险型)或者结尾,让读者一目了然,必会平安无事!
特别提示:隐藏主体句可是要冒险的!
To begin with, you must work hard at your lessons and be fully prepared before the exam(主题句)。 Without sufficient preparation, you can hardly expect to answer all the questions correctly.
三、一二三原则
领导讲话总是第一部分、第一点、第二点、第三点、第二部分、第一点…
如此罗嗦。可毕竟还是条理清楚。考官们看文章也必然要通过这些关键性的“标签”来判定你的文章是否结构清楚,条理自然。破解方法很简单,只要把下面任何一组的词汇加入到你的几个要点前就清楚了。
1)first, second, third, last(不推荐,原因:俗)
2)firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally(不推荐,原因:俗)
3)the first, the second, the third, the last(不推荐,原因:俗)
4)in the first place, in the second place, in the third place,lastly(不推荐,原因:俗)
5)to begin with, then, furthermore, finally(强烈推荐)
6)to start with, next, in addition, finally(强烈推荐)
7)first and foremost, besides, last but not least(强烈推荐)8)most important of all, moreover, finally
9)on the one hand, on the other hand(适用于两点的情况)
10)for one thing, for another thing(适用于两点的情况)
建议:不仅仅在写作中注意,平时说话的时候也应该条理清楚!
四、短语优先原则
写作时,尤其是在考试时,如果使用短语,有两个好处:其一、用短语会使文章增加亮点,如果老师们看到你的文章太简单,看不到一个自己不认识的短语,必然会看你低一等。相反,如果发现亮点—精彩的短语,那么你的文章定会得高分了。其二、关键时刻思维短路,只有凑字数,怎么办?用短语是一个办法!比如:
I cannot bear it.
可以用短语表达:I cannot put up with it.
I want it.
可以用短语表达:I am looking forward to it.
这样字数明显增加,表达也更准确。
五、多实少虚原则
原因很简单,写文章还是应该写一些实际的东西,不要空话连篇。这就要求一定要多用实词,少用虚词。我这里所说的虚词就是指那些比较大的词。比如我们说一个很好的时候,不应该之说nice这样空洞的词,应该使用一些诸如generous,
humorous, interesting, smart, gentle, warm-hearted, hospital 之类的形象词。再比如:
走出房间,general的词是:walk out of the room
但是小偷走出房间应该说:slip out of the room
小姐走出房间应该说:sail out of the room
小孩走出房间应该说:dance out of the room
老人走出房间应该说:stagger out of the room
所以多用实词,少用虚词,文章将会大放异彩!
六、多变句式原则
1)加法(串联)
都希望写下很长的句子,像个老外似的,可就是怕写错,怎么办,最保险的写长句的方法就是这些,可以在任何句子之间加and,
但最好是前后的句子又先后关系或者并列关系。比如说:
I enjoy music and he is fond of playing guitar.
如果是二者并列的,我们可以用一个超级句式:
Not only the fur coat is soft, but it is also warm.
其它的短语可以用:
besides, furthermore, likewise, moreover
2)转折(拐弯抹角)
批评某人缺点的时候,我们总习惯先拐弯抹角说说他的优点,然后转入正题,再说缺点,这种方式虽然阴险了点,可毕竟还比较容易让人接受。所以呢,我们说话的时候,只要在要点之前先来点废话,注意二者之间用个专这次就够了。
The car was quite old, yet it was in excellent condition.
The coat was thin, but it was warm.
更多的短语:
despite that, still, however, nevertheless, in spite of, despite,notwithstanding
3)因果(so, so, so)
昨天在街上我看到了一个女孩,然后我主动搭讪,然后我们去咖啡厅,然后我们认识了,然后我们成为了朋友…可见,讲故事的时候我们总要追求先后顺序,先什么,后什么,所以然后这个词就变得很常见了。其实这个词表示的是先后或因果关系!
The snow began to fall, so we went home.
更多短语:
then, therefore, consequently, accordingly, hence, as a result, for this,reason, so that
4)失衡句(头重脚轻,或者头轻脚重)
有些人脑袋大,身体小,或者有些人脑袋小,身体大,虽然我们不希望长成这个样子,可如果真的是这样了,也就必然会吸引别人的注意力。文章中如果出现这样的句子,就更会让考官看到你的句子与众不同。其实就是主语从句,表语从句,宾语从句的变形。
举例:This is what I can do.
Whether he can go with us or not is not sure.
同样主语、宾语、表语可以改成如下的复杂成分:
When to go, Why he goes away…
5)附加(多此一举)
如果有了老婆,总会遇到这样的情况,当你再讲某个人的时候,她会插一句说,我昨天见过他;或者说,就是某某某,如果把老婆的话插入到我们的话里面,那就是定语从句和同位语从句或者是插入语。
The man whom you met yesterday is a friend of mine.
I don‘t enjoy that book you are reading.
Mr liu, our oral English teacher, is easy-going.
其实很简单,同位语——要解释的东西删除后不影响整个句子的构成;定语从句—借用之前的关键词并且用其重新组成一个句子插入其中,但是whom or that 关键词必须要紧跟在先行词之前。
6)排比(排山倒海句)
文学作品中最吸引人的地方莫过于此,如果非要让你的文章更加精彩的话,那么我希望你引用一个个的排比句,一个个得对偶句,一个个的不定式,一个个地词,一个个的短语,如此表达将会使文章有排山倒海之势!
Whether your tastes are modern or traditional, sophisticated or simple,there is plenty in London for you.
Nowadays, energy can be obtained through various sources such as oil,coal, natural gas, solar heat, the wind and ocean tides.
We have got to study hard, to enlarge our scope of knowledge, to realize our potentials and to pay for our life. (气势恢宏)
要想写出如此气势恢宏的句子非用排比不可!
七、挑战极限原则
既然十挑战极限,必然是比较难的,但是并非不可攀!
原理:在学生的文章中,很少发现诸如独立主格的句子,其实也很简单,只要花上5分钟的时间看看就可以领会,它就是分词的一种特殊形式,分词要求主语一致,而独立主格则不然。比如:
The weather being fine, a large number of people went to climb the Western Hills.
Africa is the second largest continent, its size being about three times that of China.
如果您可一些出这样的句子,不得高分才怪!
[!--befrom--]2009-05-28
一 、开头万能公式:
1.开头万能公式一:名人名言
原理:我们看到的东西很多都是创造出来的,包括我们欣赏的文章也是,所以尽管编,但是一定要听起来很有道理。
经典句型:A proverb says, “ You are only young once.” (适用于已记住的名言)It goes without saying that we cannot be young forever. (适用于自编名言)
更多经典句型:As everyone knows, No one can deny that…
2.开头万能公式二:数字统计
原理:要想更有说服力,就应该用实际的数字来说明。原则上在议论文当中不应该出现虚假数字的,可是在考试的时候哪管那三七二十一,但编无妨,只要我有东西写就万事大吉了。所以不妨试用下面的句型:
According to a recent survey, about 78.9% of the college students wanted to further their study after their graduation.
看起来这个数字文邹邹的,其实都是编造出来的,下面随便几个题目我们都可以这样编造:Honesty
根据最近的一项统计调查显示,大学生向老师请假的理由当中78%都是假的。
Travel by Bike
根据最近的一项统计调查显示,85%的人在近距离旅行的时候首选的交通工具是自行车。Youth
根据最近的一项统计调查显示,在某个大学,学生的课余时间的70%都是在休闲娱乐。
Five-day Work Week Better than Six-day Work?
根据最近的一项统计调查显示,98%的人同意每周五天工作日。
更多句型:A recent statistics shows that …
二 、结尾万能公式:
1. 结尾万能公式一:如此结论
说完了,毕竟要归纳一番,相信各位都有这样的经历,领导长篇大论,到最后终于冒出个 “总而言之”之类的话,我们马上停止开小差,等待领导说结束语。也就是说,开头很好,也必然要有一个精彩的结尾,让读者眼前一亮,这样,你就可以拿高分了!比如下面的例子:
Obviously(此为过渡短语), we can draw the conclusion that good manners arise from politeness and respect for others.
如果读者很难“显而见之”,但说无妨,就当读者的眼光太浅罢了!
更多过渡短语: to sum up, in conclusion, in brief, on account of this, thus
更多句型: Thus, it can be concluded that…, Therefore, we can find that…
2. 结尾万能公式二:如此建议
如果说“如此结论”是结尾最没用的废话,那么“如此建议”应该是最有价值的废话了,因为这里虽然也是废话,但是却用了一个很经典的虚拟语气的句型。
Obviously, it is high time that we took some measures to solve the problem.
这里的虚拟语气用得很经典,因为考官本来经常考这个句型,而如果我们自己写出来,你说考官会怎么想呢?
更多句型:
Accordingly, I recommend that some measures be taken.
Consequently, to solve the problem, some measures should be taken.
[!--befrom--]2009-05-28
A. 开头
1、There is an interesting and instructive picture which goes like this:______________.
2、______________ has become a hot topic among people,especially among the young,and heated debates are right on their way.
3、Recently, _________has been brought to such popular attention that _________.(e.g. Recently,the problem of global warminmg has been brought to such popular attention that governments at all levels place it on the the top of the agenda.)。
4、One of our ancient philosophers said,______________. Chinese people have always been holding this idea to be one of their standards of morality.
5. No one,regardless of race,religion or nationality,would deny that…… 或:Everyone would agree that……
B 结尾
1、Only in this way/Only when……/Only through……,will/can we……或:It is only if/when……that we will……
It is only if all sides of society take their roles fully that we will achieve the society we want.
2、As long as……we will be able to……/the problem is bound to……
As long as we persist in spreading scientific knowledge among the masses,all the superstitions are bound to go out of our life.
3、With a constant/steady improvement in ……(或With the gradual worsening of……)sth.will……
With a steady improvement in our legal system,this problem will sure be solved earlier or later.
4、In a word,there is every/little chance/probability/possibility that……in time to come.A
In one word,there is every chance that this Chinese Traditon will continue to entertain millions of Chinese citizens.
C.中间
1.建议和解决方法
1)A great number of solutions are being offered. Some people suggest that ______________. Others argue that ______________.
2)But I don't think it is a very good way to solve ______________. For instance,______________. Worst of all, ______________.
3)My suggestion to deal with/solve/relieve the problem are as follows. In the first place,…… Secondly,…… Finally
4)If we let the situation go as it is,…… By that time,…… 如果让这种情况继续发展下去,那么到那个时候,……。
5)If……,will there be anything that can make me even happier?如果(我们怎么怎么做),那将没有比这令我更高兴的了。
2.It 结构
1)It is advisable to exercise(拥有)patience in dealing with such complicated situations.
2)It is necessary that young and old people should communicate more with each other.
3)It is certain that fresh air and exercises are more enjoyable and beneficial than medicine.
4)It is well known that many of our problems are caused at least in part by failure to communicate.
5)It seemed to me that the only thing that matters is to learn through failure.
6)It pays in the long run (从长远的角度看……)to introduce new technique.
3.动名词或分词结构
1)Drinking,eating,and smoking excessively can do severe harm to even a young person's health.
2)The art of communication requires learning the language and culture of the audience.
4.递进式结构
1)Fresh vegetables are nutritious(有营养的);furthermore,they re cheaper than frozen ones.
2)Helping others will not only bring joy into other people's lives,but also added happiness into our own.
5.表示重要性或必要性
1)It's important to set aside time for relaxation,hobbies ,and entertainment as well.
2)A harmonious atmosphere is essential(necessary / critical / indispensable)to achieve success.
3)Global warming can endanger our lives so much that we are obliged to make a careful study of the problem and try to find out a lasting solution to it.
6.表示目的
1)The purpose of a test is to show what you have leaned about a subject.
2)The intent is not to catch everyone but rather to catch enough to spread the word.
3)Competitive sports are recommended to young adults to prepare them for the competitive world of college and business.
7.表示结果
1)Too much work and too little rest may lead to loss of health.
2)If you try to learn too many things at a time,you may get confused.
3)By consistent hard work we will be able to achieved our objectives (目标)。
8.表示对比和比较
1)Jobs and work do much more than most of us realize to provide happiness and contentment.
2)Work is more than a necessity for most human beings;it is the focus of their lives,the source of their identity and creativity.
3)Rather than a punishment or a burden,work is the opportunity to realize one's potential.
4)The more scientists find out,the more questions they are unable to answer.
9.表示条件或假设的结构
1)Without the distraction of TV,they might sit around together after dinner.
2)As long as the brain is given plenty of exercise it keeps its power.
3)Were it left to me to decide whether we should _______,I should not hesitate a moment to prefer the latter.
4)Without a degree and with no vocational experience their chances of getting good jobs are slim.
10.表示举例
1)Take______for example,
2)An illustration(例证)may make the point clear.
11.表示采取措施
1)The government should be taking effective(有效的)measures to overcome current difficulties.
2)As college students,we are obliged to make every effort to help support the Olymic Games.
3)The school authorities should invest more energy and money in improving working and living conditions for the teachers.
12.表示让步关系
1)While it may be more convenient to possess a car,it is also expensive and troublesome at times.
2)Although I do not earn a great deal of money for this job,the pleasure I receive from the work makes it worthwhile.
13.表示因果或前提关系
1)Because of(owing to)the pressure(压力)of examinations,many students are left with little or no free time.
2)Perhaps it's because few of us know how to accept compliments(赞扬)gracefully.
3)That is why housework is considered as such a dreary grind(乏味的苦差事)。
4)The reason for this is that
14.表示存在的问题
1)One of the greatest problems facing the 21st century will be what to do with all the rubbish produced in the world.
2)To travel abroad is a desire shared by many people,but few can afford to do it.
3)Cheating is now considered to be a major problem in colleges and universities.
4)Many people find it harder and harder to keep up with the radical changes that characterize our time.
5)At first thought,the problem seems far too involved (复杂),but it can certainly be solved when seriously dealt with .
15.There be结构
1)There are other techniques that might help you with you studying.
2)There is much that we can learn from the Chinese classic works.
3)There is no sense(道理)in leaving important decisions to inexperienced people.
[!--befrom--]2009-05-28
一、做单项选择题时,要注意以下几个方面
(1)先易后难:一些考题的答案比较容易选定,可以先从这些考题入手。平时练习时,应以基础为主,主要精力不应放在偏题、怪题上。
(2)分析考查意图、运用相关知识:应学会分析出题者考查的意图,明确相关题的测试点是什么,然后运用所学知识,进行分析、判断,再进行选择。
(3)利用暗示进行选择:注意考题涉及的语境范围。平时应注重对习惯用语表达、惯用法和中英文化差别等方面知识的积累。
(4)运用排除法:可采取语言排除、逻辑排除、语法排除或选择排除等方法。先排除较容易、较明显的错误选项,缩小范围,而后对剩余的选项进行比较分析,最后确定答案。
二、做完形填空题时,在遵循第三章所述三个步骤的同时,还可利用以下几个判断方法
1.搭配判断法。
根据对以往试题的分析,搭配型考题在完形填空题中占的比例最高。搭配型问题主要测试常见搭配的熟练程度,比如说哪些词要搭配不定式、动名词或某种从句,哪些词必须与某个介词搭配。我们在复习时要特别注意短语动词和介词的固定搭配。
2.结构判断法。
结构型问题主要包括句型、句式、连接词的选择等,解题时要运用句法知识,把握关键词,从而做出迅速正确的判断。完形填空题中有很多是利用语法的正确性与逻辑的排斥性间的矛盾来设计的。因此考生应结合上下文的合理性及意义关系的逻辑性选择最佳答案。完形填空中常考的逻辑关系主要有:
(1)转折、让步关系:这种关系表明后一种观点或事实与前一种观点或事实相比有些出乎意料。
常见的表示转折、让步的词或词组有:but,still,yet,however,though,although,no matter,in spite of,anyway,even if等。
(2)因果关系:
表示原因的连词或词组有:because(of ),due to,owing to,thanks to,since,for,as等。
表示结果的词或词组有:so,therefore,then,as a result,in consequence,consequently,thus等。
(3)递进、补充关系:这种关系表示对前一事实或观点做进一步阐述。
常用的词、词组有:moreover,likewise,besides,in addition,also,too,not only…but also,apart from,what‘s more 等。
(4)对比、比较关系:对比观点或事物间的差异性,比较观点或事物间的同一性。
表示对比的词或词组有:in contrast,by contrast,on the contrary,conversely,unlike,oppositely 等。表示比较的词或词组有:like,in comparison,compare…with,as,just as等。
3.词义判断法。
词汇型问题也是完形填空的一个考点,主要测试考生在段落语篇中把握语义连贯性的能力,提供选择的词可能是近义词、近形词也可能是随意拼凑的四个选项,遇到这类题,既要联系上下文,又要具有扎实的词汇基础,有时还须根据自己的文化背景知识做出判断、选择答案。
三、阅读理解训练
阅读理解是对字、词、句法的进一步学习和综合运用。在做阅读理解题时,除了掌握前面介绍的基本题型、基本法则外,还要进行有意识的阅读训练。提高阅读能力的训练主要可以从下面几个方面入手:词汇、方法、侧重点。
1.词汇:猜词的技巧。
在阅读过程中,不可避免地会碰到不认识的单词,考试中又不允许查词典,有些不认识的单词对文章的理解影响不大,可以忽略。但有些不认识的单词则会影响阅读者对文章理解的正确性。在这种情况下,必需猜测词的含义,这就需要利用猜词的技巧了。
最基本的猜词技巧有两种:一是根据构词法的规则猜,构词法的规则在前面的章节中已有介绍,这里就不重复了;另一种猜词的技巧是根据上下文的描述、解释、列举、比较等,运用已有的知识,分析、推断该词的含义。常用的猜词技巧可归纳为以下几种:
(1)利用词根、词缀构词法推测词义。通过构词法推测词义是最常用的方法之一。
(2)分析文中对该词的直接定义推测词义。
作者在行文中有时不得不使用某些难词、偏词,为使读者理解,作者常常会在文章中直接解释该词语。作者或通过同位语,或使用定语从句加以阐明,或用冒号、破折号、括号给出,或用语篇标志词引出,这类语篇标志词有:that is (to say); e.g.;or,in other words;to put it in another way等。如:
She is bilingual.In other words,she speaks English and French equally well.(bilingual:会说两种语言的)。
(3)分析文中对该词的近义复述推测词义。
同一短文中前后两个句子、短语或单词通常有互释作用,可以从上下文的复述中获取与某一单词或短语相关的信息以猜测词义。如:
It is difficult to list all of my fathe‘s attributes because he has so many different talents and abilities.(attribute:特质;才能)
(4)分析文中对该词的对比和并列表述推测词义。
利用上下文中的对比或并列表述猜测词义是最常用、最可靠的方法。有不少句子会在上下文中给出某个生词(尤其是偏词、难词)的同义词或反义词,运用对比或并列表达对这些生词加以推测。通过了解词与词之间的连接关系,特别是一些语篇标志词,如:however;on the other hand;nevertheless等,我们不难推断这些生词的词义。如:
If you agree,write “yes”;if you dissent,write “no”。(dissent:不同意)
(5)根据常识推测词义。
有些生词看似很难,但根据语境,根据读者的经历或常识,很容易猜出词义。如果所读的材料是考生熟悉的内容或在自己专业知识范围内,生词就更易化解了。
其实,猜词的方法并不限于以上这些,大家在阅读中要多动脑筋,善于总结,还能总结出一些更适合自己的技巧和方法来。
综合例题:从三个选项中找出与黑体词含义相符的答案。
例1.He is a courteous young man.He always pleases you and respects old people.
A.polite B.short C.very
答案为A.第二句说他如何有礼貌、尊重老人,是对上一句的进一步说明。可以判断他是有礼貌的年轻人,因此得出结论,courteous有polite之意。
例2.Tame animals such as cats,dogs,and some birds make excellent pets; however,wild animals like lions and tigers are not good pets.
A.hairy B.calm C.loud
答案为B.阅读全句可看出,cats,dog,birds 与 lions,tigers相对,excellent pets与not good pets相对,可由此断定,tame 与wild相对,所以,wild 反义词应是选项B.
2.阅读理解的解题方法。
(1)先看文章后做题。主要针对简单易懂的文章,时间又较充裕的情况。
(2)先看题目后读文章再做题。这种方法在时间紧、文章长的情况下更为实用。这样,可以带着问题去阅读,文章中的内容与考题相关时仔细阅读,与题目无关时可以置之不理,很快跳过去。
还有一些题目涉及一般常识或科普知识,可以在未阅读文章之前自己先行判断,在阅读时只要对自己的判断进行验证就可以了。
(3)快速阅读文章后面的题目,并将题目中的关键词(一般为实词,并且含有重要信息)用笔画出来。这样可以了解并获得将要阅读的文章的大概意思,做到有的放矢。阅读过程中,考生可以将含有重要信息的词、短语或句子等用笔画出来。这样可为答题做很好的铺垫。解题时寻找相关的重要信息就容易多了。
3.阅读理解的三个侧重点。
除了题目本身所要求查找的细节外,阅读时一定要注意不要逐字逐句地死抠,而要有所侧重。
(1)侧重首段、尾段,首句、尾句。因为这些部分往往是作者所要谈及的论点、主题或中心思想,抓住了主干,那么细节问题就会迎刃而解。
(2)侧重语篇标志词。
语篇中句子和句子之间、段落和段落之间就是通过这种词语连接起来的,把握住这些词语就等于把握了句与句、段与段之间的关系。对于获取所需信息、准确答题至关重要。语篇标志词连接的主要内容有:(1)例解,如for instance,for example;(2)列举;(3)比较;(4)转折和对比;(5)原因;(6)结果;(7)方式和手段;(8)时间;(9)地点;(10)目的;(11)分类;(12)补充;(13)强调;(14)条件;(15)结论。
(3)侧重长句、难句。
因为英语表达以冗长著称,论理性很强的文章更是如此。通过较长的句子来表达复杂的思想内容,从而使文章更具有说服力。所以,我们在阅读时必须重视长句、难句,认真分析句子,把握关键。事实上,不少问题就是针对这些长句、难句而设置的。
以上是编者总结的几点解英语题的技巧。除此之外,要多做练习题,才能在实践中深刻体会,在练习中尽快掌握这些技巧并摸索出一套适合自己的方法。
[!--befrom--]2009-05-28